This indicator shows the number and rate per 1,000 of the PHO-enrolled population who had dispensed codeine and dihydrocodeine to them by a community pharmacy, by year (2019 to 2023), ethnic group, age group, gender.
The IHI classes opioids as one of four groups of medicines (along with anticoagulants, insulin and sedatives) that can cause harm to patients, even when used as intended. As with strong opioids, continuous use of a weak opioid for six weeks or more raises questions on appropriateness of use.
PHO-enrolled population who were dispensed codeine during the calendar year.
Numerator detail
Medication: 1332 codeine phosphate; 2427 dihydrocodeine tartrate.
Numerator exclusions
Paracetamol with codeine was excluded on the basis that these contain a much lower dose of codeine.
PHO-enrolled population during the calendar year.
Disaggregation
District analysis: By year (2019 –2023), age group (0–24, 25–64; 65–79 and 80 and over), gender (female, male), ethnic group (Māori, Pacific peoples, Asian and European/Other) and Health New Zealand district of domicile.
PHO analysis: By year (2023), age group, gender, ethnic group, Primary Health Organisation (PHO) most recently enrolled with (for the relevant year), PHO group (small, medium, medium-large and large).
People who were excluded from the analysis were:
- individuals with missing demographics– that is, those with no recorded value for one or more of the National Health Index (NHI) fields used to derive the demographic variables of interest (age, gender, ethnicity and district of domicile). For instance, a person with no recorded ethnicity in 2023 is excluded from all indicators for that calendar year. This approach ensures a consistent denominator throughout the analyses.
- those who weren’t enrolled in a PHO in the calendar year.
Data is not presented where the number of people in the numerator was less than 10. This is to preserve confidentiality.
Age group is assigned using 30 June of each calendar year as the cutoff point. For example, a person turning 65 years old on 30 June 2023 will be assigned to the 65–79 years age group for 2023, while a person turning 65 on 1 July 2023 will be assigned the 25–64 group for the same year..
Unlike other atlases, the Opioid Atlas includes individuals who died during the calendar year in all indicators. This is because opioid use is higher among older adults and those in the final stages of life, due to chronic conditions, pain management, and palliative care needs. Including them ensures a complete and accurate picture of opioid exposure.